Defiance

Ahlfeld-Heymann, Marianne 

7 Feb 1905, Cologne–26 Jun 2003, Haifa, Israel

née Marianne Heymann

Nickname: Janni

Education: School of Arts and Crafts in Cologne, State Bauhaus in Weimar

Wood sculptor, costume designer, set designer, mask carver, marionette maker

Marianne Ahlfeld-Hey­mann’s passion for working with wood is evident in her masks, hand puppets and carved toys. She also uses her talent to do social work, which is particu­larly close to her heart, and she creates over a hundred puppets for the puppeteer Jupp Herzog, who performs in hospi­tals and prisons. Ahlfeld-Hey­mann survived the war in hiding in France and emigrated to Haifa with her husband and children in 1949, where she de­voted herself primarily to making wooden masks. 

Works by Marianne Ahlfeld-Heymann in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Marianne Ahlfeld-Heymann, Weimar or Cologne, ca. 1923-1933; Jewish Museum Berlin

Albers, Annie

12 Jun 1899, Berlin–9 May 19943, Orange, USA

née Anneliese Else Frida Fleischmann

Education: State Bauhaus in Weimar

Textile artist, weaver, painter, graphic artist, art theorist, lecturer

Anni Albers’s abstract weavings led to her being considered the most influential textile artist of the twentieth century. Through­out her life she experimented with fabrics and other materials. After having fled to the United States, Albers became the first textile artist to have a solo exhibition at the MoMA in 1949. Commissioned by the Jewish Museum in New York, she created the Six Prayers wall tapestry in 1965. The work’s six panels memorialize the six million European Jews murdered in the Holo­caust.  

Fig:: Anni Albers in her weaving studio at the Black Mountain College, Helen M. Post North Carolina, 1937; courtesy of the Western Regional Archives, State Archives of North Carolina

Aron­sohn, Paula

27 Nov 1908, Hamburg, Germarny–9 Oct 1998, Tel Aviv, Israel

née Paula Sealtiel 
Name after emigration: פאולה אהרונסון (Paula Aronsohn)

Education: State School of Arts and Crafts in Hamburg, Otto Douglas-Hill ceramics workshops in Berlin, Burg Giebichenstein School of the Applied Arts in Halle 

Ceramicist, teacher 

Paula Aronsohn was born into a long-established Sephardic family in Ham­burg. Her everyday ceramics were funda­mentally influenced by the Bauhaus. After emigrating to the British Mandate of Palestine, she founded the “Kad va-Sefel”(“Jug and Mug”) workshop together with Eva Samuel, introducing plain and functional ceramic forms to the region. From 1960 to 1971 Paula Aronsohn taught ceramics at the secondary school of the Women’s Inter­national Zionist Organization (WIZO).

Fig.: Cover of Häuslicher Ratgeber, vol. 47, issue 9, photo: Dr. Peter Weller, Berlin/Leipzig, 1932; Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Roman März 

Baer-Freyer, Käte

27 May 1885, Stettin (today: Szczecin), Poland–29 Jul 1988, Kibbutz Kabri, Israel

née Käte Freyer 

Education: Grand Ducal–Saxon Academy of Fine Arts in Weimar 

Artisan, puppet maker, puppeteer, teacher

Käte Baer-Freyer became well-known in Germany for her biblical puppet shows. Her husband Albert Baer composed stories in rhyme, to which she made hand-sawed, movable wooden puppets. The couple emigrated to British Mandate Palestine in 1933 along with the puppets and plays, which were translated into Hebrew and performed. 

Find out more about Käte Baer-Freyer’s game pieces in our online feature on unusual objects in our permanent exhibition.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Baer, Albert: Biblische Puppenspiele, with figurines by Käte Baer-Freyer, Berlin, 1924; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Käte Baer-Freyer in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Käte Baer-Freyer, Germany, 1920s; Family collection, courtesy of Neta Dror 

Baruch, Franziska

21 Nov 1901, Hamburg, Germany–3 Sep 1989, Jerusalem, Israel

Education: Teaching institution of the Royal Museum of Arts and Crafts in Berlin; private instruction in lettering with Else Marcks-Penzig

Typographer, calligrapher, graphic artist

Commis­sioned by the Reich Art Custodian during the Weimar Republic, Franziska Baruch designed symbols, medals, and rolls of honor for the German Reich. Baruch already began working with Hebrew scripts during her studies. Her typeface “Stam,” which she created in Germany, later became popular in Israel. Baruch emigrated to British Mandate Palestine in 1933 and designed the logo still used today for the Ha’aretz newspaper. She was also involved in designing the insignia of the newly founded State of Israel, the cover of the Israeli passport used into the 1980s, and the emblem of the city of Jerusalem, as well as those of many other institutions.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Baruch, Franziska: Menu for the banquet on the occasion of the second annual meeting of the Soncino Society of Friends of the Jewish Book, Berlin, 5. XII. 1926; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Franziska Baruch in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Franziska Baruch, photo: Alfred Bernheim Jerusalem, 1947; The Israel Museum, Jerusalem

Batzdorff, Lotte

5 Jul 1894, Breslau (today: Wrocław), Poland–7 Aug 1957, USA

née Charlotte Maria Ollendorff  

Singer, felt artist

On Lotte Batz­dorff’s marriage certificate, her occupation is listed as “singer.” After fleeing to the United States with her husband and two sons, Lotte Batz­dorff contributed to the family income doing piecework from home, making felt flowers and dolls. 

Works by Lotte Batzdorff in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Lotte Batzdorff, in front of the house, drawing, The Hawes House, Swanage, 1939; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Susanne and Alfred Batzdorff

Berli-Joel, Esther

2 May 1895, Hamburg, Germany–7 Mar 1972, Haifa, Israel

née Else Joel
Married name: Else Berlin
After aliyah: Esther Berlin  
After divorce: Esther Berlin-Joel
Also אסתר ברלי-יואל (Esther Berli-Joel, Esther Barli-Joel) 

Education: State Arts and Crafts School in Hamburg, Academy of Arts in Berlin

Commercial graphic artist, artist

Esther Berlin was a committed Zionist who moved with her family to British Mandate Palestine already in 1925. She specialized in graphic art. She is known for her wood­cuts and litho­graphs, as well as her designs for posters, brochures, and logos for significant organi­zations such as the Jewish National Fund and the Palestine Maritime Lloyd Company. Living and working in Haifa, Esther Berli-Joel de­signed the coats of arms for both Haifa and the city of Holon, which are still used today. 

Fig.: Esther Berli-Joel, unknown, 1920s; Berli family collection

Bloch, Alice

15 Feb 1913, Saarbrücken, Germany–26 Jul 2005, Zurich, Switzerland

Education: State School of Arts and Crafts in Saarbrücken, School of Arts and Crafts in Zurich

Gold- and Silversmith

Bloch was a highly talented gold­smith and silversmith, who was denied the status of master crafts­woman by the Nazis. She fled with her family to Switzer­land, where her professional quali­fications were not recognized. It was not until 1947 that Bloch was able to support herself through her craft. In 1949, she designed the interior of the synagogue in her hometown of Saar­brücken, which was one of the first synagogues recon­structed in Germany after the Shoah. Today, most of her ritual objects are found in Switzer­land. 

Fig.: Alice Bloch, Hawdala set: Kiddush cup, Zurich, 1940; Jewish Museum of Switzerland, Basel / bequest Saly Mayer

Brodsky, Nina

13 Jun 1892, Kyiv, Ukraine–28 Jul 1979, Paris, France

née Nina Brodskaya
Нина Бродская 

Education: Painting and graphic arts with Hermann Struck in Berlin, other training programs in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Weimar

Graphic artist, set and costume designer, poet

After the Russian Revolution, Nina Brodsky fled with her family to Berlin. She worked there for the Russian émigré cabaret “The Blue Bird” where her exceptional talent for set and costume design became evident. She also worked as a commercial graphic artist for the Jewish press in Berlin as well as for other clients. Brodsky survived the war with relatives in Switzerland and she later moved to Paris.  

Works by Nina Brodsky in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Nina Brodsky, presumably Berlin, 1925–1935; Jewish Museum Switzerland, Basel

Bruck, Franziska

29 Dec 1866, Ratibor, Silesia–2 Jan 1942, Berlin, Germany (death by suicide)

Floral artist, author, business­woman, school founder

Franziska Bruck, the "flower poet," revolutionized the German craft of flower arrange­ment, elevating it to an art form. Influenced by the Japanese ikebana style, she incorporated minimalism, balance, and asymmetry into her work. She used flowers in their natural form rather than forcing them into shapes with wire. In 1912, she founded the School for Floral Decoration in Berlin-Charlottenburg, providing women with new training opportunities. Under the Nazis, Franziska Bruck – impoverished, without family, and facing imminent deportation – committed suicide. 

Stolperstein (stumbling stone) for Franziska Bruck on Jewisch Places. 

School for Floral Arts by Franziska Bruck on Jewisch Places. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Bruck, Franziska: Blumen und Ranken, Munich, 1925; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Bruck, Franziska: Blumenschmuck, Frankfurt (Oder), 1927; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Franziska Bruck in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Franziska Bruck in her school for flower arranging, photo: W. Talbot, Berlin, ca. 193–1932; Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin; W. Talbot

Bud, Charlotte

26 Mar 1899, Berlin, Germany–1981, France

Education: State School of Arts and Crafts in Berlin

Illustrator, ceramicist, commercial graphic artist, painter  

Charlotte Bud’s works exhibit skilled crafts­manship in a wide variety of genres and contexts. She illustrated a book of Grimms’ fairy tales, designed a ceramic Hanukkah lamp, but she also designed posters and numerous smaller graphics. She moved to France after marry­ing the non-Jewish French artist Edmond Victor Jamois in 1934, and focused primarily on painting there­after.  

Works by Charlotte Bud in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Poster design for the exhibition Die gestaltende Frau, Charlotte Bud, Berlin, 1930; Jewish Museum Berlin

Cohen, Livia

17 Oct 1872, Berlin, Germany–13 Nov 1957, Berlin, Germany

née Livia Philippine Charlotte Cohen
Married name: Livia Kratz

Education: Teaching institution of the Royal Museum of Arts and Crafts in Berlin

Art embroiderer, artisan

Livia Cohen studied from 1889 to 1891 and completed a degree in the subjects of art embroi­dery and ornamental drawing. An embroidered port­folio is one of very few of her works that have survived. Her marriage to the non-Jewish painter and graphic artist Alfred Kratz protected her from getting deported. The child­less married couple continued to live in Berlin, on a low income, after the war. 

Works by Lovia Cohen in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Livia Cohen (née Kratz), Atelier Nordpol, presumably Berlin, ca. 1892-1905; Jewish Museum Berlin, donation by Klaus Siepert

Cohen-Silberschmidt, Elsbeth

20 Feb 1921, Burgsteinfurt–10 Jan 1993, Naharija, Israel

née Elsbeth Cohen
Married name: Elsbeth Cohen-Silberschmidt (widowed)
Married name: Elsbeth Goldstein

Ceramics designer

Elsbeth Cohen-Silberschmidt did not learn ceramic painting until after she emi­grated with her family to British Mandate Palestine in 1937. By 1950, she was working in the art ceramics depart­ment at Lapid Ceramics in Tel Aviv–Jaffa, founded in 1943, and had become its artistic director. Cohen-Silberschmidt designed the shapes of the objects as well as deco­rative surface patterns. Her modern ceramic designs were strongly influenced by West German and Scandi­navian forms. Many of her affordable, well-designed everyday utensils and dinner­ware sets became standard items in Israeli households.

Works by Elsbeth Cohen-Silber­schmidt in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Elsbeth Cohen-Silber­schmidt, photo: Rudi Weissen­stein, Tel Aviv-Jaffa, 1953; The Photohouse

Dehmel, Ida

14 Jan 1870, Bingen on the Rhine, Germany–29 Sep 1942, Hamburg, Germany (death by suicide)

née Ida Coblenz
Married name: Ida Auerbach
Married name: Ida Dehmel

Supporter of the arts, founder of artistic associations, women’s rights advocate, beadwork artist

Ida Dehmel was born into a conservative Jewish vintner family along the Rhine River. She loved modern reform dress and eye-catching jewelry. She supported female artists, was active in associ­ations for women’s suffrage, and founded the GEDOK women artists’ association. Dehmel earned a liveli­hood through her workshop for beadwork in Ham­burg-Blankenese and hired women to work there. As of 1933 and the ascent of the Nazi regime to power, her options were drastically restricted, and she committed suicide in 1942.

Fig.: Ida Dehmel, photo: Minya Diéz-Dührkoop, Hamburg, 1910; Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg

Dessau-Goitein, Emma 

21 Sep 1877, Karlsruhe, Germany–1968, Perugia, Italien

née Emma Dessau

Education: Portrait class of the Ladies Academy for Art in Karls­ruhe; Herkomer School of Art in Bushey, England, with Hubert von Herkomer

Painter, commercial graphic artist, Zionist

Emma Dessau-Goitein was an award-winning book­plate graphic artist. She was influenced by Zionism and the growing women’s move­ment, and almost half of her book­plates were made for women. She was the only woman to be accepted to the Academy of Fine Arts in Bologna in 1901–1902, where she and her hus­band lived. When fascist  race laws were introduced in Italy in 1938, the couple went into hiding and was supported by friends until liberation. After her husband died in 1949, Dessau-Goitein with­drew from public life and never resumed her artistic career.

Fig.:  Emma Dessau-Goitein, Karlsruhe, ca. 1893–1904; Gabriella Steindler-Moscati Collection

Dicker, Friedl

30 Jul 1898, Wien, Austria–9 Oct 1944, Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp

née Friederike Dicker
Married name: Friederike Dicker-Brandeis

Education: Institution for Graphic Education and Research in Vienna (photo­graphy and repro­duction technology), Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (textile and orna­mental form), student in Johannes Itten’s private art school in Vienna, State Bauhaus in Weimar

Painter, designer, interior designer, artisan, art teacher

Friedl Dicker was an extra­ordinary artist, as evidenced by her versa­tility. Her work included posters, sculptures, jewelry, costumes, and stage sets. Perse­cuted by the Nazis and deported in 1942, Dicker taught children in Theresien­stadt based on Bauhaus educational methods and developed an early form of art therapy: using art as a moment of freedom.

Works by Friedl Dicker in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Friedl Dicker as a student at the State Bauhaus in Weimar, photo: Lily Hildebrandt, Weimar, ca. 1920-1925; Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin

Dodo

10 Feb 1907, Berlin, Germany–22 Dec 1998, London, UK

née Dörte Clara Wolff
Married name: Dörte Bürgner
Married name: Dörte Adler

Education: Schule Reimann in Berlin

Reimann School in Berlin

Fashion designer, illustrator, painter

In her early career as a young fashion designer, Dörte Wolff designed costumes, including those for the cabaret perfor­mances of Margot Lion and the young Marlene Dietrich. However, she became famous with her color­ful gouache paintings for the ULK satire magazine, where she portray­ed Weimar high society and signed her work as “Dodo.” Dodo fled to England in 1936 and turned her attention primarily to painting. As a graphic artist, she was unable to repli­cate the success she had enjoyed in Germany.

Digital copy in the DGF Viewer (in German): Die Wunschkiste, foreword by Hilde Marx, texts by Setta Cohn-Richter, Carl David, Heinz Berggrün, Leonard Wischnitzer, Arhur Silbergleit, Alice Stein-Landesmann and others, illustrations by Dodo, Igna Beth, Lilli Szkolny and others, Berlin, 1936; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Dodo in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Dodo, presumably Berlin, ca. 1928; Dodo Estate, Athens; Fine Art Images / Bridgeman Images

Edel­stein, Grete 

23 Nov 1882, Danzig (today: Gdańsk), Poland–29 Nov 1954, Tel Aviv, Israel

née Grete Schapira

Graphic artist

Only a few works by Grete Edel­stein are known, including book­plates – such as for the pianist and composer Ernst Immer­glück – and the cover illustration and title page design for Ilse Herlinger’s 1928 book Jüdische Märchen (Jewish Fairy Tales). Edelstein managed to emigrate to Tel Aviv along with her husband and son Hans (Chanan) in 1933. In memory of her son, who was killed in an Egyptian air raid in May 1948, she compiled a collection of texts and drawings, which were never published.  

Works by Grete Edelstein in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Grete Edel­stein, book­plate for Dr. Berthold Edelstein, 1918; Jewish Museum Berlin

Eisner, Rose

12 Apr 1883, Myslowitz, Upper Silesia–15 Oct 1940, Berlin, Germany

née Rosa Eisner
Married name: Rosa Eisner-Marquart

Education: Royal School of Arts and Crafts in Breslau (today Wrocław, Poland), instruction with Bernhard Buttersack in Munich and J.P. Laurens at the Académie Julian in Paris

Graphic artist, illustrator, painter

Rose Eisner is best-known for her book­plates. She had a large client base, including clients from Silesia as well as Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt am Main, and Karls­ruhe. The majority of her clients were Jewish. Although a graphic artist, she also painted portraits and landscapes. Her marriage to Otto Mar­quart, who was not Jewish, largely protected her from actions of the Nazis. Rose Eisner-Marquart died of cancer in Berlin’s Charité hospital.  

Works by Rose Eisner in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Book­plate for Lucie Eisner, Rose Eisner, Berlin, 1931; Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Roman März

Engel Hecker, Lotte

29 Dec 1888, Hamburg, Germany–presumably 1973, Israel

née Lea Charlotte Hecker
Married name: Charlotte Engel Hecker

Designer and maker of Jewish ritual objects, textile artist, business­woman

Lotte Engel Hecker created metal ritual objects, including Pass­over Seder plates and Hanukkah lamps, but she also made textile objects for ritual use, such as challah covers. In early 1930 she took over her sister Erna Adler’s business in Berlin’s Tiergarten district, offering handicrafts, modern ceremonial objects, and gift articles for Jewish customers. After emigrating to British Mandate Palestine in 1938, Engel Hecker continued to specialize in ritual textiles in order to support her family. 

Fig.: Hanukkah lamp by Lotte Engel Hecker, Berlin, ca. 1933–1938; E. Ringelblum Collection, Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw

Frank, Elly

11 Dec 1877, Stolp (today: Słupsk), Poland–30 Nov 1941, Riga, Lithuania

Education: Drawing and Painting School of the Berlin Association of Women Artists

Commercial artist, portrait painter, illustrator

Elly Frank  illustrated numerous post­cards with scenes of boys and girls at play which were printed by various pub­lishers from 1905. Some of her images served propaganda pur­poses during the First World War. Frank also illustrated children’s books and worked as a portrait painter, and she was a member of the Business Asso­ciation of Fine Artists in Berlin (WVbK). Her last residence in Berlin was in the Hansa district. Frank never married and did not have any children. She was deported to Riga on 27 November 1941 and executed in a mass shooting three days later in the Rumbula massacre.

Digital copy in the DGF Viewer (in German): Frank, Elly: Was Peterle werden möchte (What Peterle wants to become), Berlin, ca. 1920; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Digital copy in the DGF Viewer (in German): Frank, Elly: Liebe Freunde aus der Tierwelt (Dear Friends from the Animal World), Berlin, 1930; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Elly Frank in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Cover of the children’s book Was Peterle werden möchte (What Peterle wants to become) by Elly Frank, Berlin, ca. 1920; Jewish Museum Berlin

Freuden­thal, Rosa 

19 Jul 1870, Gross-Strehlitz, Silesia–21 Sep 1951, Haifa, Israel

née Rosa Graetzer

Artisan, businesswoman, creator of the Freuden­thal Arts and Crafts Work­shop in Breslau (today Wrocław, Poland)

Starting in the early 1920s, Rosa Freuden­thal held regular sale exhibitions in her Breslau apartment, offering Jewish ritual objects and work by Jewish artists. It was important to her that Jewish teaching materials be produced for German-speaking children, prompting her to commission several projects. These included a con­struction kit for a cardboard Sukkah by Erna Selten, a Yahrzeit calendar with an etching by Käthe Ephraim Markus , and a Hanukkah game by Dora Goldberg. Facing severe repressions by the Nazi regime, Freuden­thal closed her business and fled to British Mandate Palestine in 1934. 

Works by Rosa Freudenthal in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Rosa Freudenthal, Haifa, 1938; courtesy of Rivka Sklan and Sara Frenkel, Jerusalem; The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Oleg Kalashnikov

Fried­länder, Elisabeth 

10 Oct 1903, Berlin, Germany–1984, Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland

Name after emigration: Elizabeth Friedlander

Education: College of Fine Arts, Berlin, with Emil Rudolf Weiß

Commercial graphic artist, calligrapher, designer

When invited by the Bauer Type Foundry in Frankfurt am Main to design a type­face, Elisabeth Fried­länder became one of the first women in this professional field. Her extremely successful type­face was produced in 1938 and called “Friedländer.” The name was changed to “Elisabeth” once the Nazis came to power, since the last name of the designer was considered “too Jewish.” Friedländer first emigrated to Italy in 1936, and then to Eng­land, where she worked during the war forging German documents. After the war she became a free­lance designer in Britain. From 1948 on, she designed patterned papers for book covers and illu­strative motifs at Penguin books, as well as patterned papers for the Curwen Press.

Works by Elisabeth Friedländer in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Elisabeth Fried­länder, Kinsale, 1960s; Elizabeth Fried­lander Collection, Special Collections & Archives, UCC Library, University College Cork, Irland

Fried­laender, Marguerite

11 Oct 1896, Écully near Lyon, France–24 Feb 1985, Guerneville, USA

Married name: Marguerite Friedlaender-Wildenhain

Education: State Bau­haus in Weimar, ceramic workshop at Bau­haus in Dornburg on the Saale

Ceramicist, porce­lain designer, teacher

In 1926, Marguerite Fried­laender was the first woman in Germany to become a master potter. She then managed the ceramic workshop at the Burg Giebichen­stein School of Arts and Crafts in Halle. Dismissed in 1933 because she was Jewish, she fled the Nazis, initially to the Netherlands and then in 1940 to California. At Pond Farm, in Guerneville, she spent decades teaching her craft – her approach marked by techniques and philosophies from the Bau­haus workshop in Dornburg – thereby influencing an entire gene­ration of American ceramicists. 

You can listen to an oral interview with Marguerite Friedlaender from 14 March 1981 on the website of the Smithsonian Institution’s Archives of American Art. A version translated into German is available on our website.

Fig.: Marguerite Fried­laender (later Friedlaender-Wildenhain), photo: Hans Finsler, Germany, ca. 1928; Archive, Burg Giebichen­stein School of Arts and Crafts in Halle

Fried­laender, Regina 

12 May 1886, Berlin, Germany–7 Mar 1932, Berlin, Germany

née Regina Oppler
Married name: Regina Friedlaender
Married name: Regina Heller

Modiste, fashion designer, business­woman  

Regina Friedlaender’s flair for design and business acumen propelled her from her humble beginnings as a hat maker to become an influential fashion trend­setter and a successful entre­preneur. Her hat salon, showcasing her often dramatic designs and striking color choices, rapidly became one of the most famous in Berlin. She also sold dresses and furs. Fried­laender understood product placement and her exclusive hats could be seen in influential maga­zines such as Die Dame and Elegante Welt, and they adorned the heads of many actresses of her time.  

Works by Regina Friedlaender in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Regina Fried­laender (left) and Anita Berber, presum­ably Berlin, 1920; ull­stein bild

Gross­mann, Hedwig 

11 Nov 1902, Berlin–31 May 1998, Giv’atajim, Israel

Married name: Hedwig Grossmann-Lehmann
Name after emigration: הדוויג גרוסמן-להמן

Ausbildung: Seminar for gardeners and youth leaders at the Pestalozzi-Fröbel house in Berlin, Academy for the Scientific Study of Judaism in Berlin, Technical University Berlin, Burg Giebichen­stein School of Arts and Crafts in Halle

Ceramicist, sculptor, graphic artist, teacher, zionist

Hedwig Gross­mann is considered one of the founders of Israeli ceramic art. A devoted Zionist, she immi­grated to Jerusa­lem in the 1930s together with her non-Jewish partner, the sculptor Rudi Leh­mann. Using raw materials from the Land of Israel was very important to Gross­mann and she intentionally emphasized the local earth colors in her work. In 1959, the couple founded a municipal art school in Giv’atayim. Hedwig Gross­mann-Leh­mann worked there into the 1980s with people of all ages and back­grounds. 

Works by Hedwig Gross­mann in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Hedwig Gross­mann-Leh­mann teaches in the artists’ village of En Hod, photo: Fritz Cohen, En Hod, 1956; Govern­ment Press Office Jerusalem / National, Photo Collection, Jerusa­lem

Guer­monprez Jalowetz, Trude 

9 Nov 1910, Danzig (today: Gdańsk), Poland–8 May 1976, San Francisco, USA

née Gertrud Emilie Jalowetz

Education: Burg Giebichen­stein School of Arts and Crafts in Halle, Technical Academy of Berlin, fellowships in Finland and Sweden  

Textile artist, graphic artist, teacher  

Trude Guer­monprez survived the German occupation in the Nether­lands and moved to the United States in 1946. An exceptionally talented weaver, she designed fabrics for textile producers, completed commissioned works for private individuals and archi­tectural offices, and she designed ceremonial textiles for syna­gogues. She moved from North Carolina to California in 1949, where she worked with Marguerite Fried­laender-Wildenhain to set up the Pond Farm Workshops. Guermonprez  taught at the California College of Arts and Crafts until 1971. 

Fig.: Trude Guermon­prez, Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, Deer Isle, Maine, 1956; courtesy of Haystack, Mountain School of Crafts

Hey­mann-Loeben­stein, Margarete

10 Aug 1899, Cologne, Germany–11 Nov 1990, London, UK

née Margarete Heymann
Married name: Margarete Loebenstein (verwitwet)
Married name: Margarete Marks
Name after emigration: Margarete Heymann-Marks, Grete Marks, Margaret Marks

Education: School of Arts and Crafts in Cologne, Düssel­dorf Art Academy, Johannes Itten’s prepa­ratory course at the State Bau­haus in Weimar, trial semester at the ceramic workshop at Bau­haus in Dornburg/Saale

Ceramics designer, business­woman, painter

Margarete Heymann-Loeben­stein founded the Haël Workshops for Artistic Ceramics together with her husband and his brother. Their products were soon successful inter­nationally. Her modern forms, abstract orna­mentation, and unusual glazes appealed to contemporary tastes. After Gustav and Daniel Loeben­stein died in a car accident in 1928, Heymann-Loeben­stein continued to run the company on her own, until she had to close in 1933 due to the poor economic situation. A short time later, she was forced to sell the Haël Work­shops under value due to pressure of the Nazi regime. Hedwig Boll­hagen was made the artistic director and took over some of the product lines. Heymann-Loeben­stein immigrated to Britain in 1936, but she was unable to rebuild her career there as a ceramics designer. 

Learn more about Margarete Margarete Heymann-Loeben­stein on our website. 

Fig.: Margarete Heymann-Loeben­stein, presumably Berlin, ca. 1925; Jewish Museum Berlin, donation by Frances Marks

Hirsch, Elli 

23 Mar 1873, Berlin, Germany–6 Feb 1943, Theresienstadt

née Aurelie Hirsch
Married name: Aurelie Doepler

Education: Teaching institution of the Royal Museum of Arts and Crafts in Berlin

Illustrator, graphic artist, advertising artist

After completing her studies, Elli Hirsch designed vignettes and headers for the Kunst­gewerbeblatt, an arts and crafts gazette, and quickly made a name for herself as a graphic artist. She was particularly success­ful during her eight-year tenure at the Stollwerck chocolate company in Cologne. Elli Hirsch designed more than a hundred collectible picture cards, as well as packaging, advertise­ments, and posters. She was also involved in designing the company logo. Her business relation­ship with the company, which was unusual for the time, ended when she married. Hirsch was deported from Berlin to Theresienstadt in 1942 and died there six months later. 

Elli Hirsch’s educational institution on Jewish Places.

Works by Elli Hirsch in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Book­plate for Elli Hirsch, Emil Doepler the Younger, place unknown, 1905; Repro­duction courtesy of University of Glasgow Library, Archives Special Collections

Kuttner, Dorothea 

22 Apr 1902, Berlin, Germany–7 Mar 1967, Allgäu region, Germany

Married name: Dorothea Patuschka

Education: School of Arts and Crafts in Berlin

Artisan

Doro­thea Kuttner grew up in humble circum­stances and wanted to learn a trade. Already during her training, she wove fabrics that her family used to make their clothing. Kuttner later ran a sewing studio in Katowice and hired several employees. This is where she met her future non-Jewish hus­band. The couple settled in Kempten in the Allgäu region, but moved to Berlin in 1943 to escape the whims of the Nazi district leader in their small town.  Protected by her marriage, Kuttner survived the Nazi regime in Berlin. 

Works by Dorothea Kuttner in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Dorothea Kuttner, presum­ably Berlin, ca. 1920; private collection

Leon, Rose 

1 Sep 1909, Berlin, Germany–2 Mar 2010, Ardsley, USA

Married name: Rose Leon-Wegner

Ausbildung: Reimann School in Berlin under Karl Heubler, metalwork department

Silver­smith and metal­smith

Rose Leon, a silver­smith, is the only person known to have designed and created Jewish cere­monial objects in the metalwork department at the Reimann School. She also produced decorative household objects and jewelry and her experimentation with unusual forms was striking. After 1933, Leon had few work or exhibition options, except within Jewish circles. She fled Germany in 1936. In 1937, she married her husband in Antwerp, and together, they emi­grated to the United States in 1938. Leon-Wegener continued to create small, decorative silver items, primarily for family members, but did not further pursue her career. 

Fig.: Rose Leon, Berlin, May 1929; Marian Natter Collec­tion, Briarcliff Manor, USA

Levy, Elisabet Alexandra

31 Aug 1910, Hamburg, Germany–1990, New York, USA

Married name: Elisabet Alexandra Weissmann
Married name: Elisabet Alexandra Leonard

Elisabet Alex­andra Levy, like several other Jewish women, created modern cere­monial objects made of metal in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Her considerable talent has been forgotten, and her works have been almost completely over­looked up to now. Little is known about Levy’s training, but she ran a business for jewelry and precious metals in Berlin. Together with her husband, she fled to Amster­dam in 1939, but she was never­theless arrested and then deported to the Bergen-Belsen concen­tration camp in 1944. She survived and immi­grated to New York with her son, Peter.

Fig.: Hanukkah lamp by Elisabet Alexandra Levy, Berlin, ca. 1933–1938; E. Ringel­blum Collection, Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw

Litten, Hanna 

17 May 1920, Berlin, Germany–Dez 1942, Riga, Lithuania

Education: Set and costume design with Heinz A. Cordell at the Jewish Cultural Association (Kulturbund) in Berlin

Costume designer, set designer

As a Jew, Hanna Litten was banned by the Nazi regime from working for public theaters. Consequently, her remark­able talent as a costume designer could only find expression at per­formances of the Jewish Cultural Association (Kulturbund). In 1939, when still only nineteen years old, Litten became a Kulturbund board member. The following year she assumed responsibility for the set and costume design of all productions until the theater was closed in 1941. On 26 October 1942 Litten was de­ported to the Riga ghetto and a short time later she was executed in a shooting in the Jungfern­hof concen­tration camp.

Fig.: Hanna Litten, Abra­ham Pisarek, Berlin, ca. 1939; image archive Pisa­rek / akg-images, Berlin

Luiko, Maria 

25 Jan 1904, München, Germany–25 Nov 1941, Kaunas, Lithuania

née Marie Luise Kohn
Pseudonym: Maria Luiko

Education: Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and the Munich School of Arts and Crafts

Painter, illustrator, marionette maker, set designer, lithographer

The diver­sity of Maria Luiko’s oeuvre is impressive, including wate­rcolors, oil paintings, lithographs, woodcuts, book illustrations, and stage sets. In 1927, she joined “Die Juryfreien” (The Juryless), an artists’ association, and her work increasingly addressed socially critical issues. Luiko worked for the Jewish Cultural Association (Kulturbund) until 1939 and was a founding member of the Munich Marionette Theater of Jewish Artists, for which she made marionettes. Maria Luiko had planned to emigrate to Palestine, but she was deported to Lithuania in November 1941 and was executed in a shooting in Kaunas.

Fig.: Maria Luiko; Karl Ama­deus Hart­mann-Gesell­schaft / Hart­mann-Center e.V.

Mar­bach, Johanna 

9 Jul 1872, Berlin, Deutschland–19 Jan 1945, Marylebone, UK

née Johanna Podeschwa (also Podescwa)
Married name: Johanna Dann (widowed)
Married name: Johanna Marbach

Fashion designer, fashion showroom owner

Johanna Mar­bach was one of Germany’s top fashion designers. She dressed icons of film, stage, and opera, thereby be­coming a celebrity herself. An ambitious and successful business­woman, Marbach was an early example of a woman in her time who combined a career with marriage and children. Marbach came from an Orthodox family and demon­strated her support for campaigns against anti­semitism. Ultimately, she fled the Nazi regime and emigrated to London in 1939. In that year’s census, she modestly described herself as a dressmaker. 

Works by Johanna Marbach in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Johanna Mar­bach in the garden of her fashion house, photo: Walde­mar Titzenthaler, Berlin, 1915; ullstein bild

Meyer­hof, Agnes 

2 Jun 1856, Hildesheim, Germany–22 Aug 1942, Theresienstadt

née Agnes Gella Meyerhof

Education: Studied painting and sculpture in Frankfurt am Main, instruction with Hugo Steiner-Prag in Munich

Illustrator, portrait and land­scape painter, sculptor, artist

Agnes Meyer­hof created images for the Frankfurt Zoo, illustrated various publi­cations and designed numerous book­plates. However, she became known primarily for her portrait painting. She made study tours to Florence and Rome in 1901 and 1902, and in 1906 she was awarded an honorary diploma at the Concours International des Arts de la Femme in Paris. Agnes Meyerhof never married or had children. At age 86, she was deported to Theresien­stadt and died there three days later. 

Works by Agnes Meyerhof in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Self-portrait in the Agnes Meyer­hof studio; Repro­duction: Alexander Beck, Frankfurt am Main

Nathan, Steffie 

31 Aug 1895, Berlin, Germany–3 Sep 1972, Hastings, UK

née Stefanie Nathan
Married name: Steffie Schäfer-Nathan

Fashion designer, illu­strator, commer­cial graphic artist

Steffie Nathan’s works represent the image of the “new,” independent, and active woman of the Weimar Republic. Nothing is known about Nathan’s edu­cation, yet by the age of twenty-four she designed a cover picture for Die Dame and also worked for other influential magazines. In 1926, she married the antifascist, non-Jewish caricaturist Albert Schäfer-Ast. Due to political pressure, the couple annulled their marriage in April 1939 and sent their daughter with a Kinder­transport to England. Nathan followed her daughter and remained in London, even after the war. However, she was unable to restart her promising artistic career. 

Works by Steffie Nathan in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Steffie Nathan, ca. 1933; Collec­tion of the Buck family, Worcester, Great Britain

Neu, Trude

6 Apr 1912, Nuremberg, Germany–May 2001, England, UK

née Gertrud Neu
Married name: Trude Neu Lindsey 

Education: Academy of Fine Arts in Nuremberg, Belfast School of Art  

Textile and toy designer, painter, occu­pational therapist

Shortly before graduating, Trude Neu was forced by the Nazis to leave the Nurem­berg academy. In 1939 she emigrated to Northern Ireland with a visa as a domestic servant. Neu was able to support herself using her creativity and skill by selling home­made hand puppets. She later designed bold and colorful fabrics for a Belfast weaving company. In 1948, Neu began a new vocational training program and worked until her retirement as an occu­pational therapist with a focus on arts and crafts, embroidery, and weaving. 

Works by Trude Neu in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Hand puppet “Pastor” by Trude Neu, Bel­fast, ca. 1941-1945; Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Roman März

Neu­mann, Alice 

23 Nov 1901, Berlin, Germany–15 Jun 2008, London, UK

née Alice Irmgard Edler
also: Lissy Edler
Name after emigration: Alice Irmgard Newman

Education: School of Arts and Crafts in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Reimann School in Berlin  

Fashion illustrator

Alice Edler’s artistic talent was already apparent from an early age. As a young woman she worked as a free­lance fashion illustrator for various Berlin salons and she created many of the popular Ull­stein sewing patterns. After immigrating to London, Alice Neu­mann supported her family by drawing fashion illu­strations. In the early 1940s, Alice stopped working as an artist to support her hus­band in the establish­ment of his medical practice. 

Works by Alice Neu­mann in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Alice Neu­mann-Edler (Lissy Edler), Berlin, April 1922; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Peter H. Newman and Dr. Claus G. H. Newman

Oppler-Leg­band, Else 

21 Feb 1875, Nuremberg, Germany–7 Dec 1965, Überlingen at Lake Constance, Germany

née Else Oppler
Married name: Else Oppler-Legband

Education: Ladies’ Academy of the artist Maxi­milian Dasio in Munich, arts and crafts master course at the Bavarian arts and crafts museum in Nuremberg

Architect, interior designer, artisan, fashion designer, teacher for arts and crafts

Around 1900, Else Oppler-Legband was an influential and versatile designer. As a driving cultural authority she gave lectures, taught, curated exhibitions, and was the director of the Advanced College of Decorative Arts (Höhere Fachschule für Dekorations­kunst). She fled Germany in 1933 and returned, already advanced in age, in 1952. Although once the leading represen­tative of “reform clothing” – the alternative to un­comfortable, tight-fitting women’s fashions – today she is virtually forgotten. Her long-term, non-Jewish business and life partner Peter Behrens is widely known as a pioneer of modern design. 

Works by Else Oppler-Legband in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Else Oppler-Leg­band, photo: Minya Diéz-Dührkoop, Berlin, 1905–1920; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Dr. phil. Fortunatus Schnyder-Ruben­sohn

Pritzel, Lotte 

30 Jan 1887, Breslau (today Wrocław, Poland)–17 Feb 1952, Berlin, Germany

née Charlotte Pritzel
Married name: Charlotte Pagel

Education: School of Arts and Crafts in Munich

Doll maker, costume designer, artist

Lotte Pritzel created extravagant wax dolls that often appeared in magazines. In 1912, Hermann Bahlsen, a cookie manufacturer, commissioned her to design advertising figures.  Pritzel was part of Munich’s Bohème circle; among her friends were Erich Mühsam, Lion Feuchtwanger, Klabund, and Johannes Becher. After seeing an exhibition of Pritzel’s dolls in her Munich studio in September 1913, Rainer Maria Rilke was inspired to write about them.  Pritzel worked as a costume and set designer for the Munich Chamber Theater (Kammerspiele), the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, and for Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer: Das Puppenbuch (The Doll Book), with illu­strations of dolls by Lotte Pritzel and Erna Pinner, Berlin, 1921; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Lotte Pritzel in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Lotte Pritzel with one of her dolls, Atelier Madame d’Ora, presum­ably Vienna, 1923; Estate of Madame d’Ora, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg

Rosen­blüth, Anni 

8 Oct 1890, Berlin, Germany–8 Mar 1966, Kidlington, Oxford, UK

née Anna Margarete Lesser
Name after emigration: Annie Margaret Ross

Education: Reimann School in Berlin, with the goldsmith Adolf von Mayr­hofen in Munich, Royal School of Arts and Crafts Teaching and Testing Work­shops in Stuttgart, Higher Technical School for the Textile and Clothing Industry in Berlin

Gold­smith, artisan, business­woman, illustrator

Annie Rosen­blüth was one of the first women in Germany to be officially recognized as a gold­smith and silver­smith (i.e., by the Berlin Chamber of Commerce). She designed and illustrated a domino game for the Jewish National Fund that was introduced at the Zionist Congress in Vienna. In 1932, she did not follow her husband, politician Pinchas Rosen (formerly Felix Rosen­blüth), to British Mandate Palestine. Instead, she emigrated to Britain with her two children in 1933. She later managed to support herself through her art. Under her Fancy­craft label, she produced fretwork pieces in her Oxford­shire workshop that were exhibited in 1951 as part of the Festival of Britain. 

Works by Anni Rosenblüth in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Annie Ross (formerly Rosen­blüth), Kidlington, 1955; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Nick Ross, Jerry Ross and Judith Schott

Roth, Emmy 

12 Mai 1885, Hattingen, Germany–11 Jul 1942, Tel Aviv, Israel

née Emmy Urias
Married name: Emmy Baehr
Married name: Emmy Roth

Education:  at the Conrad Anton Beumers silver­smith company under Paul Beumers, as well as other gold­smith and silver­smith work­shops; one of the first women in Germany to obtain a master’s certifi­cate

Gold­smith and silver­smith

Emmy Roth was one of the most significant German silver­smiths of the early twentieth century and was inter­nationally renowned. She designed and produced functional objects of an elegant simplicity that were con­structed with technical virtuosity. Roth knew how to publicize her products and periodically presented her work at the Leipzig trade fair. She partici­pated in the ground­breaking Kult und Form (Ritual and Form) exhibition in Berlin in 1930, in the 1931 German building exhi­bition, and the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris at the “Israel in Palestine” pavilion of the British Mandate Palestine. Roth lived in Germany, France, and, finally, Tel Aviv. Suffering from cancer, she committed suicide in 1942. Her work was forgotten. 

In her article “Well-balanced silver utilitarian objects that make you feel good”, curator Michal S. Fried­lander writes about Emmy Roth’s popular coffee and tea service. 

Works by Emmy roth in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Emmy Roth at work, 1932; Scherl / Süd­deutsche Zeitung Photo

Saltern, Irene 

30 Jan 1911, Berlin, Germany–4 Sep 2005, Newport Beach, USA

née Irene Stern
Married name: Irene Salinger
Professional name: Irene Saltern 
Nickname: Reni

Costume designer, fashion designer, businesswoman 

Education: Lette Verein in Berlin

Irene Salinger is known for her influence on the women’s sports­wear industry, particularly for her pioneering work in creating mix-and-match lines of sports­wear separates. After immigrating to the United States in 1936, she pursued a career as a costume designer. She began working for Republic Pictures in Hollywood in the late 1930s and later worked for Samuel Gold­wyn Pictures and other studios. In the 1940s, she began free­lancing as a commercial fashion designer and, in 1950, became head designer at the sports­wear company Tabak of California. During the 1960s, she worked for the Phil Rose and Lanz of California clothing companies, and briefly ran her own company, Irene Saltern of California. 

In his article “Caputh Stars. The Discovery of a Friendship” from 2023, Aubrey Pomerance, head of the archive, writes about the friendship between Irene Saltern and Albert Einstein.

Works by Irene Saltern in our online collection (in German). 

Fig.: Irene Saltern, Los Angeles, 1937; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Tom and Lynda Salinger

Samuel, Edith

28 Nov 1907, Essen, Germany– 1 Jun 1964, Rischon Le-Zion, Israel

After aliyah: אדית סמואל (Edith Samuel)

Education: School of Trades and Applied Arts, later Folkwang School of Design in Essen, Düsseldorf Art Academy

Sculptor, graphic artist, illustrator, doll maker

As a doll maker, Edith Samuel created custom-made fabric portrait dolls as mementos for families who sent their children to safety outside of Germany due to the Nazi restrictions and persecution. In 1939 she immigrated to British Mandate Palestine and settled in Rishon LeZion together with her sister Eva (Chava) Samuel and her brother, the composer Jocha­nan Samuel. She started creating dolls repre­senting various cultures and segments of society, as well as small scenes depicting the young State of Israel. Both in Germany and after emigration, Edith Samuel’s dolls reflect the life, cultural, and political history of her time. 

Works by Edith Samuel in our online collection (in German).

Read our article to find out how curator Michal S. Friedlander rediscovered the Samuel sisters.

Fig.: Edith Samuel with one of her dolls on the balcony of her parents’ house, Essen, ca. 1930; Old Synagogue Essen, Archive

Samuel, Eva

16 Nov 1904, Essen, Germany–3 Oct 1989, Israel

After aliyah: חוה סמואל (Chava Samuel)

Education: School of Trades and Applied Arts (later Folkwang School of Design) in Essen, Worpswede artists’ colony, Margareten­höhe ceramics workshop, studied ceramics chemistry in Stuttgart

Ceramicist, painter, sculptor, illustrator, zionist

Eva Samuel, the daughter of a Reform rabbi, was a pioneering Israeli ceramicist and co-founder of the Ceramic Artists Association of Israel. She was renowned for her unique fusion of European ceramic forms with painted motifs taken from her obser­vations of diverse communities in British Mandate Palestine, including Yemenite Jews and Arab popul­ations. Together with Paula Aronsohn, she opened the Kad va-Sefel (Jug and Mug) workshop in Rishon Le-Zion in 1934, which then remained in continuous operation for 45 years. The doll maker Edith Samuel, who also immigrated to British Mandate Palestine, was her sister.   

Read our article to find out how curator Michal S. Friedlander rediscovered the Samuel sisters.

Fig.: Eva Samuel; Old Synagogue Essen, Archive

Sandler, Adele 

23 Feb 1883, Karlsruhe, Germany–2 Sep 1946, Jerusalem, Israel

née Adelheid Straus
Name after emigration: אדלה סנדלר

Illustrator, publisher, business­woman, zionist  

Adele Sandler promoted a Jewish children’s culture in Germany. Her illu­strations for her picture book and edu­cational games were highly praised. They offered Jewish children educational content and age-appropriate illustrations from a Jewish per­spective, rather than a Christian one. During a time of increasing anti­semitic persecution, Sandler’s work fostered Jewish identity in Jewish children. 

Works by Adele Sandler in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Self-portrait of Adele Sandler, Berlin, ca. 1920–1934; Emanuel Bach Collection, Haifa / photo: Emanuel Bach

Sand­mann, Gertrude 

16 Oct 1893, Berlin, Germany–6 Jan 1981, Berlin, Germany

Education: Berlin Association of Women Artists, graphic arts studies with Otto Kopp in Munich, student of Käthe Kollwitz

Painter and graphic artist

Gertrude Sandmann worked in the 1920s as an illustrator for fashion magazines. Thanks to the inheri­tance she received from her father, she was able to embrace the spirit of optimism and discovery of the Weimar Republic in her own art studio. Travel and study trips took her to Paris, Florence, and Ascona. She fought for the eman­cipation of women all her life. Already in the early 1920s, she openly identified as a lesbian and created art depicting women with a passion. After receiving her deportation notice, she ensured her art was safe and feigned suicide. She survived perse­cution by going into hiding. Advanced in age, Sand­mann supported women’s projects and was a co-founder of L74, the first post­war lesbian group. 

Memorial plaque at the former home of Gertrude Sand­mann on Jewish Places. 

Fig.: Gertrude Sand­mann, photo: Eva Rülff-Kollwitz, Berlin, 1972

Schlops­nies, Franziska 

1 Dec 1884, Frankfurt am Main–30 Dec 1944, Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp

née Franziska Spangenthal

Fashion illustrator, poster graphic artist, advertising artist  

Franziska Schlops­nies is regarded as one of the most significant German fashion illustrators of the 1920s. Her elegant fashion drawings and caricatures were featured regularly in maga­zines and she designed many covers, including ones for the satirical magazines Fliegende Blätter and Meggendorfer Blätter. After the Nazis took power, she rented rooms in her apart­ment in order to support herself and her daughter. Franziska Schlops­nies was murdered in Auschwitz in December 1944; her daughter Erica survived. 

Fig.:  Franziska Schlops­nies, Munich, 1942; private collection

Schlops­nies, Franziska 

11 Feb 1872, Rogowo, Posen (today: Poznań, Poland)–4 Jan 1943, Theresien­stadt

née Pauline Schwarz
Married name: Pauline Löwenthal

Milliner, business­woman

Paula Schwarz’s hat designs adorned the heads of famous actresses and her creations were captured by the Jewish photo­grapher Yva, exemplifying the frequent interaction and mutual support between Jewish women in creative fields. Schwarz’s successful millinery shop in Charlotten­burg was liquidated in 1939. She was 70 years old when she perished in Theresien­stadt.    

Find more information about the work of Yva, photo­grapher of the image, on our website.

Fig.: Hat made of black velvet with a white bird by Paula Schwarz; photo: Yva (Else Neuländer-Simon), Berlin, ca. 1925–1938; Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg

Seid­mann-Freud, Tom

17 Nov 1892, Vienna, Austria–7 Feb 1930, Berlin, Germany (death by suicide)

née Martha Gertrud Freud

Illustrator, children’s book author, painter

Education: Central School of Arts and Crafts in London, Teaching institute of the Royal Museum of Arts and Crafts in Berlin

By the late 1920s, Tom Seidmann-Freud’s work was widespread throughout Germany and many parts of Europe. Hardly any other illustrator at the time achieved greater popularity with their books. Her hus­band, the author Jakob “Yankel” Seidmann, founded the Peregrin publishing house for children’s books. An encounter with the poet and translator Chaim Nahman Bialik led to an intensive collaboration and the founding of the Ophir publishing house. However, their projects ran into serious financial difficulties following the 1929 stock market crash. Within several months of each other, in 1929 and 1930, Yankel Seid­mann and Tom Seid­mann-Freud both committed suicide. 

Residence of the Freud family on Jewish Places.

In the article “Artworks for children” (2021), Ulrike Sonnemann, former director of the library, writes about the purchase of several works by Tom Seid­mann-Freud and their signifi­cance.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Seidmann-Freud, Tom: Peregrin and the goldfish, Berlin u.a., 1929; Jüdisches Museum Berlin. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Eśer sihot li-yeladim (Kleine Märchen), mit Bildern von Tom Seidmann-Freud, Yerûshalayim [u.a.], 1923; Jüdisches Museum Berlin. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Seidmann-Freud, Tom: Das Zauberboot, Berlin, 1930; Jüdisches Museum Berlin. 

Works by Tom Seidmann-Freud in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Tom Seid­mann-Freud and her daughter Angela, probably Berlin, ca. 1929; Tom’s grand­children’s collection

Sinasohn, Rahel Ruth

25 May 1891, Gnesen, Posen (today: Gniezno, Poznań, Poland)–10 Feb 1968, Petach Tikva, Israel

née Rahel Ruth Cohn
Name after emigration: רחל רות סינאסון (Rahel Ruth Sinasohn)

Designer of Jewish ritual objects, business­woman

Rahel Ruth Sina­sohn was married to a neo-Orthodox rabbi and lived a traditional Jewish life in Berlin. To supplement the family income, she put her artistic abilities to use with great confidence and entrepre­neurial skill. Her ritual objects made of textile, glass, porcelain, and metal reflected bold, fresh impulses and novel ideas. When the family of six moved into a larger apartment, Rahel Ruth Sina­sohn commissioned the architect Harry Rosen­thal to create an exhibition and sales space. Sina­sohn fled with her husband and one of her daughters to Belgium in 1942 and went into hiding. In 1947, the family immigrated to British Mandate Palestine. 

Works by Rahel Ruth Sinasohn in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Rahel Ruth Sina­sohn, Berlin, 1930s; private collection

Spanier, Käte

3 Jan 1891, Hannover, Germany–28 Sep 1970, London, UK

née Käthe Henriette Fanny Spanier
Married name: Käthe Lehfehldt
Also: Käthe Lehfeldt and Kate Lefelt 

Graphic artist, illustrator 

Käte Spanier’s works were exhibited in 1914 at the World’s Fair for the Book Trade and Graphic Arts (BUGRA) in Leipzig, and included an advertising poster, designs for end­papers, and her original color drawings for the fairy tale The Swineherd by Hans Christian Ander­sen. Spanier’s Krieg und Küche (War and the Kitchen) poster is still known today. It was commi­ssioned during the First World War by the NFD (National Women’s Service) and offers tips for running a thrifty house­hold during wartime. Spanier married gynecolo­gist Moritz Lehfeldt in 1918 and put her career on hold. After his death in 1935, however, and her sub­sequent emigration to England, she resumed her career and began exhibiting her work again. 

Fig.: Unfortu­nately, there is no portrait of Käte Spanier and a represen­tative object image is not available online purposes.

Stern, Hanna E.

18 Sep 1885, Frankfurt am Main, Germany–4 Dec 1942, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

née Johanna Elisabeth Stern
Married name: Johanna Stern-Cristiani 

Commercial graphic artist 

Together with her non-Jewish hus­band, the artist Mateo Cristiani, Hanna Stern ran a studio for book art and applied arts in the Hansa­haus in Frankfurt am Main. During the First World War she managed the business on her own. Hanna Stern designed ex libris for numerous clients, including the Roth­schild family in Frankfurt. She even created an ex libris in Arabic that has survived. Cristiani resisted pressure to divorce Stern and was banned from working as an artist or exhibiting his work in 1936. Hanna Stern spent some time in Switzer­land, but she ulti­mately died of lung cancer in their apartment in Frankfurt. 

Works by Hanna E. Stern in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Book­plate for Hanna E. Stern by Hanna E. Stern, Frankfurt am Main, ca. 1910-1920; Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Roman März 

Straus, Paula

31 Jan 1894, Stuttgart, Germany–10 Feb 1943, Auschwitz extermi­nation camp 

Education: Higher State School of Arts and Crafts and Technical College for the Pre­cious Metals Industry in Schwä­bisch Gmünd; I. Köhler gold and silversmith’s work­shop in Frankfurt am Main; Royal School of Arts and Crafts Teaching and Testing Work­shops in Stuttgart, master student with Paul Haustein

Goldsmith, silver­smith, indus­trial designer, teacher

Paula Straus was one of the first women to work as an indus­trial designer in Germany. In the 1920s, she established her­self as a gold­smith and silver­smith in a male-dominated field. Straus not only produced individual luxury items but also designed serial silver­ware for well-known companies such as Peter Bruckmann & Sons and WMF (Württemberg Metal­ware Factory). At Bruckmann & Sons, she designed both Christian and Jewish ritual objects. Despite the intensi­fying anti-Jewish legis­lation of the Nazi regime, she continued to work as a gold­smith. When her attempt to emigrate to the Nether­lands failed, she took positions in Jewish homes for the elderly. In 1942, she and her mother were de­ported to Theresien­stadt, but were later separated when Paula Straus was sent to the Auschwitz exter­mination camp, where she was murdered.

Works by Paula Straus our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Pass­port photo of Paula Straus, photo: Clara Baur, Stuttgart, 1935; Jewish Museum Berlin, donated by Evelyn Grill-Storck in memory of Prof. Dr. Joachim Wolfgang Storck

Szalit, Rahel

2 Jul 1888, Telšiai/Telz, Lithuania–22 Aug 1942, Auschwitz extermi­nation camp

née Rahel Marcus
Married name: Rahel Szalit
Also: Rahel Szalit-Marcus 

Education: Munich Academy of Fine Arts  

Painter, illustrator, graphic artist

Rahel Szalit regarded her­self as a Jewish artist and felt a close kin­ship with Eastern European Jews and the small villages in Lithuania where she spent her childhood. Her folkloric illustrations, particularly of Yiddish literature, make use of grotesque images and exaggerated features, but they remain affectio­nate and humorous portraits by a community insider. Szalit spoke several langu­ages and illustrated German translations of Russian, French, and English literature. In 1933, she fled the Nazis by going to Paris. She was arrested in 1942 and deported to the Auschwitz exter­mination camp, where she was then murdered. Her studio was plundered and ransacked, so that only very few of her works have survived. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Szalit, Rahel: Menshelakh un stsenes, Berlin, 1922; Jüdisches Museum Berlin.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Dostoevskij, Fedor M.: Das Krokodil, mit 21 Lithografien von Rahel Szalit, Potsdam, 1921; Jüdisches Museum Berlin. 

Works by Rahel Szalit in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Rahel Szalit, presumably Paris, 1933 to 1942, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire du judaïsme, Paris, Kinsale, 1960s; mahj

Szkolny, Lilli

5 Jun 1906, Munich–18 Aug 1942, Riga, Lithuania

Married name: Lilli Wiener

Graphic artist, illustrator, photographer, and author

Lilli Szkolny became known as an illu­strator of Jewish children’s books and newssheets in the 1930s. In 1938 she illustrated the book Spatz macht sich by Meta Samson, but it was never sold after printing, as the Nazis liquidated the publishing house. Szkolny also worked as a journalist and photographer. She was unable to emigrate to England to be with her brother. In 1942, she and her hus­band, Franz Wiener, were deported to Riga, where they were murdered. 

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Die Wunschkiste, foreword by Hilde Marx, texts by Setta Cohn-Richter, Carl David, Heinz Berggrün, Leonard Wischnitzer, Arhur Silbergleit, Alice Stein-Landesmann and others, illustrations by Dodo, Igna Beth, Lilli Szkolny and others, Berlin, 1936; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Digital copy in the DFG Viewer (in German): Samson, Meta: Spatz macht sich, with illustrations by Lilly Szkolny, Berlin, 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin.

Works by Lilli Szkolny in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Lilli Szkolny, photo: Abraham Pisarek, Berlin, ca. 1935; Bild­archiv Pisarek / akg-images, Berlin

Tomalin, Elisabeth

4 Nov 1912, Dresden, Germany–8 Mar 2012, London, UK

née Elisabeth Wallach
Pseudonym: Suaja

Textile designer, graphic artist, art therapist, author

Education: Rei­mann School in Berlin

Elisabeth Tomalin fled to England via Paris in 1936, leaving her studies at Berlin’s Rei­mann School unfinished. During the Second World War, she worked for the Ministry of Information in London, designing propaganda and informational posters. She later headed the textile design department at Marks & Spencer until the late 1950s. Her interest in Jungian thought spurred Elisabeth Tomalin to retrain as an art therapist in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, she was invited to Germany to share her new art therapy methods, and recon­ciliation work with the first German postwar generation became her focus. 

Works by Elisabth Tomalin in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Elisabeth Tomalin, London, 1954; Victoria and Albert Museum, London, The M&S Archive, Marks and Spencer plc

Trietsch, Emma

28 Sep 1876, Königsberg, East Prussia–22 Apr 1933, Berlin, Germany  

née Emma Thomaschewsky  

Artisan, author, Zionist, Socialist, activist  

Emma Trietsch, a women’s rights advocate, offered free handi­craft classes to unem­ployed women in Berlin. She hoped these classes would enable the women to earn a living and become financially independent. To support her family, Trietsch sold her own handi­crafts to private customers, department stores, and textile com­panies. As a Zionist, Trietsch envisioned a future “model state” in the Land of Israel with better social conditions for women. However, she was unable to realize her dream and died in Berlin in 1933 after undergoing surgery.  

Works by Emma Trietsch in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Emma Trietsch, Photo­graphic Studio A. Wert­heim, Berlin, ca. 1890-1915; Jewish Museum Berlin

Turgel, Pia

20 Apr 1912, Berlin, Germany–24 Jan 1988, Berlin, Germany  

née Sophia Turgel

Education: Reimann School in Berlin

Commercial graphic artist

Only a few of Pia Turgel’s works, papers, letters, and photo­graphs have survived in her estate. One impressive piece is an illustrated autograph album from her time as a student at the Rei­mann School, filled with drawings and texts by her fellow students. She brought the album with her when she immi­grated to England. New entries in various languages were added in London air raid shelters by people who happened to be there. Turgel returned to her home­town of Berlin after the war and lived together with her life partner, Anne­liese Lichten­berger, from 1954. She became a member of Berlin’s Jewish community. 

Works by Pia Turgel in our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Pia Turgel at the Rei­mann School, Berlin, 1932; Jewish Museum Berlin

Westheim, Jenny

2 Mar 1894, Frankfurt am Main, Germany–3 Jun 1934, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

née Jenny Riwka Jentl Rosenbaum

Artisan, business­woman, proprietor of J. Westheim Arts and Crafts

On March 12, 1925, the opening of an arts and crafts shop was announced in the Orthodox Jewish newspaper Der Israelit. Jenny West­heim owned this new business on Schwanen­strasse in Frankfurt am Main, where she specialized in producing and selling Jewish ritual objects and edu­cational toys for children. Westheim died un­expectedly at the age of forty. An obituary affectio­nately described her as “a living synthesis of education, grace, and artistic sensibility, which came together with simple, traditional piety and all the virtues for which the Jewish woman is praised.” 

Fig.: Advertise­ment for the Jenny West­heim arts and crafts store, from: Der Israelit, volume 69, issue 48, 29.11.1928, p. 16; German National Library Leipzig, shelfmark: ZC 4772

Wolff, Käte  

30 May 1882, Berlin, Germany–Sep 1968, New York, USA

née Katarina Wolff
Name after emigration: Kate Wolff-Lalouve, Kate Lalouve
Pseudonym: Lalouve

Education: Teaching institute of the Royal Museum of Arts and Crafts Berlin

Illustrator, papercut artist, commercial graphic artist

Käte Wolff ran her own design studio in Berlin’s Schöne­berg district and was known primarily for her extra­ordinary skill in making papercuts and was best known for her exceptional paper­cutting skills and her ability to apply them in various contexts. Wolff had a large clientele and designed advertise­ments, company signs, ex libris, and illustrations for German fairy tales and other children’s books. Wolff fled Germany in 1933 and went to Paris, where she illustrated books for the Ernest Flam­marion publishing house under the pseudonym Lalouve (The She-wolf) to conceal her identity. When the Germans occupied France, Wolff went into hiding with a bottle of poison, just in case, and survived. She left France in 1946 and immigrated to New York.

Works by Käte Wolff our online collection (in German).

Fig.: Käte Wolff, Berlin, before 1936; Wolff family